Climate Change Whos to Blame - 1008 Words

Climate change is defined as the alteration in patterns in temperature and weather. A new wave of climate change, bringing warmer temperatures and more extreme storms, began to catch the attention of scientists sometime in the late 20th century. It is blamed perhaps on the increased burning of fossil fuels, contributing to the greenhouse gases that harm the environment (â€Å"Climate Change,† CQ). On the contrary, it is something that simply occurs naturally. It occurs over long periods of time and has several years of increased change. For example, one extremely cold winter that occurs only once does not indicate climate change (â€Å"Climate Change,† Berkshire). However, having hotter summers than ever before for long periods of time, as we are†¦show more content†¦One piece of research provides that the movement of continental plates affects the climate. These movements change the contours and shape of the ocean floor, which alters currents which can indeed have an impact on weather patterns. The Earth has had many alterations of climate in its lifespan, all of which have been due to natural cycles. There have always been fluctuations in temperature, bringing heat waves and ice ages. Why is our current pattern considered different? It could be that the Earth is changing again, as it does every so often. Although the increase in temperatures can be blamed on what we have done to our atmosphere, the colder winters can only put natural processes at fault. If humans are not behind global warming, they are not obligated to fix the problem, nor do they feel that they are. In fact, they do not see climate change as a problem that needs to be fixed at all, simply because it is part of the nature of our planet. Just as it has always been capable of, life will adapt to the changes and continue surviving, most likely with little realization that it is even happening. Model projections, which are used to validate man made climate change, do not a ctually mean anything. They disregard the processes and cycles that may occur rarely in the atmosphere that have an effect on temperatures. Therefore, these models are not realistic to predictingShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of The Healthcare Crisis Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagesand fighting climate change. All important issues, to be sure, but why isn’t more attention being given to something that could bankrupt millions of Americans and cause a crippling shortage of practitioners in the very near future? Who’s to Blame for the Healthcare Crisis? That depends on who you ask. If you ask physicians they’ll quickly point the finger at the insurance companies. 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Broome believes; many people throughout the world will be displaced, because of the constant rising seawater, and many people will die if we continue down this pathRead MoreWhat Are the Causes of Poverty in Philippine Economy?4902 Words   |  20 Pagesbetter living nor somehow eliminate poverty? But the biggest question left unanswered. Can we still eliminate poverty? Was there a chance for survival? Most of all the huge echo that stroke us left our hearts with pain and hope. Who’s to blame with our sufferings, which’s to blame with our unending despair? Is it the government fault? Or are we all responsible for these shame and despair we’re facing? II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.Why Philippines is drowning in poverty? 2.Are you experiencingRead MoreWhat Are the Causes of Poverty in Philippine Economy?4887 Words   |  20 Pagesbetter living nor somehow eliminate poverty? But the biggest question left unanswered. Can we still eliminate poverty? Was there a chance for survival? 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End the Wolf Hunt †Save the Wolves Free Essays

Molly Kinney Composition 1 Mary Burmaster November 11 2012 Saving the Grey Wolves Wolves and humans have been coexisting for hundreds of years. Before Europeans conquered our vast country, wolves held a very esteemed place in Native American culture, as they were vital to forest ecosystems, and were often believed to be spiritual beings in many tribes (kidsplanet 1). As much as they were honored in tribal cultures, others feared them. We will write a custom essay sample on End the Wolf Hunt – Save the Wolves or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children’s fables often described them as â€Å"the big bad wolf† in stories such as Little Red Riding hood and The Three Little Pigs (kidsplanet 1). Settlers saw wolves in this way because they were a sort of competition, dwindling stock and wild game numbers (kidsplanet 1). Even into the 20th century, the belief that wolves were still a threat to human safety continued despite documentation to the contrary, and by the 1970s, the lower forty eight states had wolf populations less than three percent of their historical range, about 500 to 1,000 wolves (kidsplanet 1). In a book written by Bruce Hampton called The Great American Wolf, he states, â€Å"In the span of three hundred years nationwide, but only seventy years in the West, hunters in the United States had managed to kill off the wild prey of gray wolves; settlers, farmers, and ranchers had occupied most of the wolves’ former habitat; wolfers had poisoned them; bounty hunters had dynamited their dens and pursued them with dogs, traps, and more poison; and finally, the government had stepped in and, primarily at the livestock industry’s behest, quite literally finished them off.    Fortunately, around this time in the 70’s, American’s were starting to become much more aware of their impact on the environment and the wildlife. The Endangered Species Act was created in 1973, and the Grey Wolf was put on the list in 1974. After almost 35 years of restoration efforts and conservation work, the Grey Wolf has finally been taken off the endangered species list in Min nesota, with about 1,700 hundred wolves in the state (kidsplanet 1). Less than a year later, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR) passed a law allowing a certain number of wolves to be hunted starting November 3, 2012 (kidsplanet 1). In the month and half the season has been open, about 150 Grey wolves have been killed (dnr. state. mn). Grey wolves are a vital part of our ecosystems and perhaps eventually grey wolves will once again thrive well enough that hunting them will not result in more conflict, but it is too soon to start the hunt again. Hunters should not be allowed to hunt grey wolves in Minnesota, because they have not had enough time to replenish their population and wolves are not a threat to human safety at all. Normally when an animal is taken off the endangered species list, it is given a five-year grace period to try and regain its spot back in the ecosystem before declaring a hunting season is even a thought in the minds of DNR decision makers (Horon 1). Since it took close to 40 years for the Grey wolf to be taken off the list, it seems logical to give the animal an even longer period to recover, to ensure that the animal does not get put on the list ever again. Though one hunt most likely will not kill off all the wolves, if hunting continues every year, there could be serious damage once again to the wolf population, as said in an article from a Wisconsin news website, madison. com. â€Å"One hunt won’t put wolves†¦ back on the list but research hints at possible longer-term harm to the wolf population and even an increase in wolves killing livestock, researchers say† (Seely 1). However, the Minnesota DNR ruled that less than one year was a sufficient amount of time for the wolves to repopulate, and opened a wolf-hunting season on November 3rd, 2012. Before settlers came to North America, more than 250,000 wolves roamed the uncharted territory that is now the United States (Cosmos magazine). With every year of citizen growth in the New World, Wolf population decreased. As the U. S. grew and became more populated, settlers practically made careers out of wolf hunting. In the 19th century, the pelts were in such high demand that almost everyone sought to kill as many wolves as possible (kidsplanet 1). People moving west bought hundreds of acres of land to raise their stock on, and killed every wolf that came near. Research from1974 showed that there were only about 500 Grey wolves living in the entire United States (kidsplanet 1). In efforts to re-grow the wolf population, conservationists took wolves into protection. Being protected by the Endangered Species Act has helped the Grey Wolf a lot. In the  Great Lakes, wolves have grown in population and expanded their range from Minnesota to Northern Michigan and Wisconsin (Meador 1). Although there have been huge gains in favor of the wolves, population recovery is far from over. Only 5,000 to 6,000 wolves occupy a mere five percent of the animals’ historical range throughout Minnesota and the rest of the United States (Meador 1). Replenishing wolf populations through out the states would protect the future of wolves and allow them to play their important role in the forest environment in greater fulfillment of their former range. Yet another reason why wolves should not be hunted is because they pose no actual threat to humans or livestock. Wolves are able to kill animals much larger than humans and should be treated with respect. Contrary to the belief that wolves are vicious and aggressive towards humans, there have only been two reported deaths by wolf attack since 1900, one of which is heavily disputed (OregonWild 1). Moreover, wolves are opportunists, and sometimes eat livestock. However, they have a relatively small impact on the livestock industry as a whole (OregonWild 1). Unstable meat prices, disease, fuel and land prices, weather, dogs, and even human thieves pose larger threats to the market. (OregonWild 1). It is simply not true when people in favor of the wolf hunt say that wolves are detrimental to the industry. The United States livestock industry has been in a slow decline, preceding wolf recovery by many decades; However, a study done in an area of Oregon with a high wolf population showed that from 2009 to 2011, while the wolf population grew from 500 to 1400, revenue in the livestock industry jumped almost fifty percent to almost $27 million in a county with barely 7,000 citizens (OregonWild). Although wolves were not the cause of the huge increase, it is clear that their impact in the industry is small (OregonWild). Like shark attacks, when wolves wreak havoc, it can make for upsetting photos and grim stories, and so the risk of wolves to livestock is many times magnified (OregonWild 1). Research done in areas of high wolf populations has actually shown that having wolves around may actually decrease livestock loss by keeping smaller predators like coyotes in check (OregonWild 1). Of course, there are many people who believe that a Wolf hunt is completely acceptable under current circumstances. Many supporters believe that if professionals are not actively watching wolf population, it will increase much too rapidly (Robb 1). In an article from petersenhunting. com, Bob Robb, a hunting column writer, says, â€Å"This is especially true in areas where there are lots of animals for them to eat – like the Yellowstone ecosystem. Because wolf numbers exceeded targeted reintroduction population goals in the Yellowstone ecosystem more rapidly than expected, the animal was removed from the Endangered Species List and a sport hunting season on wolves was instituted in 2009† (Robb 1). Research does show that wolf packs not observed by researchers do reproduce more (petersenhunting 1). Minnesotans should not be allowed to hunt wolves because they have only been off the endangered species list for a year so their populations are not at the greatest numbers, and statistics from states where wolf hunting is illegal show that they may actually help the livestock industry and are not a threat at all. Very recently, researchers at Yellowstone National Park were saddened when the Alpha Female, called 832F by scientists and â€Å"Rockstar† by visitors, was found dead outside park boundaries on December sixth. Seven other wolves were found dead with her, all killed by hunters (EarthIslandJournal 1). After environmentalist’s work getting the Grey Wolf on the list finally paid off, they had hopes for the wolves to once again thrive someday in their natural habitat. This will never happen if we start diminishing wolf populations, right when they are at the height of restoration progress. Works Cited â€Å"DNR- What Happened behind Closed Doors? †Ã‚  Howling for Wolves Minnesota. N. p. , 13July 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. owlingforwolves. org/news/dnr-what- happened-behind-closed-doors;. â€Å"COSMOS Magazine. †Ã‚  Grey Wolf Withdrawn from Endangered List. N. p. , 05 May 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. http://www. cosmosmagazine. com/news/2729/grey-wolf-withdrawn-us-endangered-list? page=0,009. Greder, Andy. â€Å"Minnesota Wolf Hunt: About 150 Wolves Killed Statewide’’. â€Å"TwinCities. com. N. p. , 18 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. Horon, Sonia.  "The Grey:? A Bad Fairy Tale About Wolves. †Ã‚  Globalanimal. com. Global Animal Website, 27 Jan. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 012. Meador, Ron. â€Å"Save the Grey Wolf. †Ã‚  Causes. Minnpost, n. d. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. ;http://www. causes. com/causes/75833-save-the-grey-wolf;. Motsinger, John. â€Å"Wolf Weekly Wrap-up | Defenders of Wildlife Blog. †Ã‚  Wolf Weekly Wrap-up | Defenders of Wildlife Blog. N. p. , 7 Dec. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Oregon Wild. †Ã‚  Wolves-Misunderstood. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. oregonwild. org/fish_wildlife/bringing_wolves_back/wolves- misunderstood; Robb, Bob. â€Å"Petersen’s Hunting. †Ã‚  Petersens Hunting. N. p. 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. Seely, Matt. â€Å"Questions abound before Wisconsin’s Wolf Hunt†Ã‚  Madison. com. 14 Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 William, Matt. â€Å"Yellowstone Popular Alpha Female Wolf Shot Dead by Hunters Outside Park. 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 201 2. http://www. earthisland. org/journal/index. php/elist/eListRead/yellowstones_ Popular_alpha_female_wolf_shot_dead_outside_park â€Å"Wolf Management. †Ã‚  : Minnesota DNR. Minnesota DNR, Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. dnr. state. mn. us/mammals/wolves/mgmt. html;. How to cite End the Wolf Hunt – Save the Wolves, Papers

Write an Assignment on Biochemistry †Here Lecture Notes

Questions: 1. Glucose can be metabolised through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy for the body in the form of ATP.a. Calculate the net number of ATP that can be generated from four (4) moles of glucose in the liver. Assume that this is occurring under optimal conditions. Show all workings.b. Would the same number of ATP be produced if the four molecules of glucose were being metabolised in the muscle tissue? How many ATP would be generated? Please explain.2. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition in which the levels of glucose in the blood are too high. Blood glucose levels are normally regulated by the hormone insulin, which is made by the -cells of the pancreas.a. Discuss why a person with diabetes mellitus might have fruity smelling breath.b. If they have elevated blood glucose levels, why is the body not able to use this glucose?c. Can a healthy individual produce ketones? Explain your answer.3. The metabolism of protein is influenced by wh ether the body is in a fed or fasted state. Prolonged fasting will also affect metabolism differently from the short fasting periods between meals.a. What is the typical metabolic fate of protein that has just been consumed?b. How does protein metabolism differ during fasting? Discuss how the metabolism of protein changes as fasting becomes more prolonged.c. Vegetarians and vegans are often encouraged to combine complementary sources of protein (e.g. legumes and grains) in a meal. Why might this be recommended?d. It is now thought that protein combining in one meal is no longer necessary, as long as complementary proteins are consumed at some time throughout the day. Why is this?4. The Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylationa. Discuss the importance of the citric acid cycle in macronutrient metabolism.b. Why is GTP considered to be the equivalent of ATP? c. Explain how one molecule of acetyl CoA entering the citric acid cycle produces 12 molecules of ATP in the liver (please show all workings) Answers: 1. (a): The complete metabolism of glucose includes its processing through phosphorylation in cytosolic glycolysis until oxidation in tricarboxylic acid cycle. The glucose molecule converted to glucose-6-phoshate consuming one molecule of ATP under the influence of enzyme hexokinase. The glucose-6- phosphate molecule further transforms to fructose-6-phosphate under the influence of phosphoglucoisomerase. Furthermore, fructose-6-phosphate consumes one ATP under the influence of phosphofructokinase to reveal fructose-1,6-biphosphatase and an ADP molecule. The fructose-1,6-biphosphatase metabolized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate by the mediation of aldolaze enzyme. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate transformed to glyceraldehyde phosphate, resulting in net production of its 2-molecules that further react with triose phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2-molecules) that assimilate with phosphoglycerokinase and 2 ADP to lead 3-phospho glycerate and two molecules of ATP. Indeed, both molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate combine with phosphoglyceromutase to produce 2 phosphoglycerate that further react with enolase enzyme to produce phosphoenolpyruvic acid (2 molecules) with the elimination of a water molecule. Finally, PEP associates with two molecules of ADP under the influence of pyruvate kinase to form pyruvate (2 molecules) with the production of 2 ATPs (Peet, 2013:p.396). The pyruvate further undergoes oxidation through TCA cycle and electron transport chain to yield 36 molecules of ATP for single mole of glucose. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36Pi + 36ADP + 36H+ 6CO2 + 36ATP + 42H20 Therefore, 4-moles of glucose after complete aerobic oxidative metabolism in liver would produce approximately 144 (= 4 x 36) molecules of ATP. (b): The metabolism of glucose in muscle tissue follows the anaerobic glycolysis in context to the ATP production. The incomplete oxidation of glucose in muscle tissue leads to the formation of lactic acid under the influence of lactate dehydrogenase, resulting in the formation of 2 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose (Lodish et al, 2000). Therefore, the net production of 8 ATP molecules (= 4 x 2) achieved from four molecules of glucose under the process of anaerobic metabolism of glucose in muscle tissue. 2. (a): The patients with diabetic ketoacidosis experience fruity smelling breath following lack of nourishment and episodes of abdominal pain and vomiting. Indeed, the excessive vomiting in diabetic ketoacidosis results in removal of acetone, thereby resulting in fruity order indicating the defect in fatty metabolism (Springhouse, 2008:p. 54). (b): The diabetic patients with high blood glucose levels are unable to utilize the additional glucose due to the increased insulin resistance, thereby resulting in the episodes of hyperglycaemia (Ranson, 2007:p.191). Indeed, the increased production of glucose in liver cells attributes to the glucose intolerance by hepatocytes under the influence of impaired insulin metabolism and disrupted insulin sensitivity associated with the beta cells dysfunction (Goldstein Muller-Wieland, 2007:p.13-14). (c): The clinical literature reveals the formation of ketone bodies in healthy people with a concentration of 1 milligram per 100 millilitres in human blood (Satake 2003, pp. 316-317). This production of ketone bodies in trace amount is the normal physiological process in healthy individuals attributing to the production of acetoacetic acid and processing of tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. (a): The immediate metabolic fate of protein based on its conversion to amino acids under the influence of pancreatic, gastric and hepatic enzymes, thereby resulting in the production of alpha-ketoacids attributing to the production of calories inside the human body. The evidence-based literature reveals the enhancement of protein synthesis and inconsistent patterns of protein degradation following the increase in protein uptake (Walsh Wright 1995:p.7). (b): The fasting state triggers the production of glucagon under the influence of protein kinase leading to glycogen catabolism and ATP production to antagonize the state of starvation. However, during prolonged starvation the intestinal, pancreatic and muscle proteins undergo gradual degradation for glucose production to meet the energy requirements of the body. (c): Vegetarians recommended adding complementary sources of proteins including nuts, grains and legumes in diet to ascertain the intake of essential amino acids required to accomplish the protein requirement of the body. (d): The intent of administering the complementary proteins follows the contention of supplying the essential amino acids through the foods that complement each other in context to accomplishing the requirement of all essential amino acids for the body tissues (Sizer et al, 2012:p. 208). The concept of mutual supplementation ensures the inclusion of protein rich supplements in food for generating complementary proteins, thereby avoiding the need to include single source of protein in one particular meal. 4. (a): The citric acid cycle attributes to the efficient metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in human body resulting in the production of ATP for accomplishing the energy requirements of the body. (b): From the biochemical perspective, the molecules of GTP and ATP display different configuration; however, exhibit same energy content in their triphosphate groups as evidenced by the clinical literature. (c): The oxidation of NADH results in the production of 3 ATP molecules through the TCA cycle; however, FADH2 processing leads to the generation of 2 ATP molecules attributing to the consequent production of 12 ATP from the metabolism of single molecule of Acetyl CoA. References Goldstein, B Muller-Wieland, D 2007, Type 2 Diabetes: Principles and Practice, CRC, Florida Lodish, H, Berk, A Zipursky, SL 2000, Molecular Cell Biology (4th edn.), W. H. Freeman, NY Peet, A 2013, Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry (4th edn.), Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia Ranson, B 2007, Type 4 Diabetes: Elevated Insulin. Lower Blood Sugar. 24/7 Pain, BBG-Media, USA Satake, M 2003, Chemistry For Health Science (2nd edn.), Discovery, New Delhi Sizer, F, Whitney, E Piche L 2012, Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies (2nd edn.), Nelson Education, Toronto Springhouse 2008, Nursing Know-how: Evaluating signs symptoms, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA Walsh Wright 1995, Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion, CRC, USA